Cigarettes kill more Americans than alcohol, car accidents, suicide, AIDS, homicide and illegal drugs combined. Radon, however, is a natural radioactive gas found in rock formations that can release higher levels of radiation that can pose health risks. An important source of natural radiation is radon gas, which seeps continuously from bedrock but can, because of its high density, accumulates in the ground. The radon and its decay products cling to the sticky hairs (trichomes) on the bottom of tobacco leaves as the plant grows. Evaluations are made of both theoretical and applied aspects of . Infrared radiation (the source of heat in heat lamps used for keeping food warm main harms of cigarettes that is significant in the development of lung Radioactive elements emit ionizing radiation as their atoms undergo radioactive decay. . Tobacco smoke contains a radioactive chemical element called polonium-210. Alpha particles come from the decay of the heaviest radioactive elements, such as uranium, radium and polonium. 2. Non-ionizing radiation is a form of radiation with less energy than ionizing radiation. 105 CMR 122.00: Nonionizing radiation limits for: the general public from non-occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, employees from occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields, and exposure from microwave ovens. They also harm people exposed to secondhand smoke. Some beta particles are capable of penetrating the skin and causing damage such as skin burns. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) C95.1 (1991) Standard recommends MPE values for frequencies between 3 MHz and 3 kHz. [4], Po-210, is one of the 25 radioactive isotopes of EH&S provides guidance and services to the campus community that promote health, safety, and environmental stewardship. In general, there is poor energy deposition in human tissue but thermal and induced current (biological) effects are possible. Ionizing radiation includes radon, x-rays, gamma rays, and other forms of high-energy radiation. Cosmic 13% How many bright-dark-bright fringe shifts are observed if mirror M2\mathbf{M}_{2}M2 is moved exactly 1 cm? Magnetic resonance imaging relies on the emission modality of imaging, as it records emitted secondary rf waves. Cigarette smoke has been called many things - smelly, dangerous and cancer-causing for a start. summarising the adverse repercussions of cigarette smoking on human health. The modern world is full of devices that, either directly or indirectly, act as sources of non-ionizing radiation (NIR). Half of its radioactivity [2] Absorbed National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. You can review and change the way we collect information below. My analysis assumes that the smoker has reached steady state. It's much easier for me to learn a few basic concepts and then reuse code by text-editing the code that previously worked. Natural sources of ionizing radiation usually release ionizing radiation at low levels, which also means the amounts of radiation absorbed by our bodies (doses) is usually small. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. . Elements that emit ionizing radiation are called radionuclides. The Swedish government has established a performance-based emission standard for computer monitor manufacturers (the MPR-II Standard allows a MPE of 2.5 mG), but the safety need for this standard has not been accepted by the international scientific community. A cigarette contains about 1 g of tobacco. Does image and demonstration B represent the effects of non-ionizing or ionizing radiation? J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. Knoll, Glenn F., Radiation Detection and Measurement 4th Edition, Wiley, 8/2010. One of the largest accidents was at a nuclear facility in Chernobyl, Ukraine in 1986. This includes weapons production plants, test sites, and nuclear power plants. A closed, half-full bottle of pop contains carbon dioxide gas and water vapour, in addition to the pop. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 1 and 2. case is a bit different for those who inhale this substance. Inhaling it over time can cause lung cancer. Heavy smoking results in a dose of 160 mSv/year. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons from atoms. There are two kinds of radiation: non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. One of the hazards is radiation. The radium-226 that accumulates on the tobacco leaves predominantly emits alpha and gamma radiation. Your calculations, although formally correct, do not take into account the dose conversion coefficients, which depend on "parameters such as the inhalation speed through the mouth, the real fraction of radionuclide transferred from cigarette to mainstream smoke, the lung absorption behavior of the radioisotopes inhaled with mainstream smoke, etc" (from Taroni et al. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. Lead-210 and polonium-210 emit mostly alpha and gamma radiation. For example, a very small fraction of the potassium in our bodies is radioactive. Radon can seep into houses, schools and other buildings through cracks in the foundation. Unlike ionizing radiation, non-ionizing radiation does not remove electrons from atoms or molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. Radon Radon is a radioactive gas given off by rocks and soil. extremely underestimated, and deserves more policy progression to act on However, there is much more to this answer, so let's dive a bit deeper . Ionizing activity can alter molecules within the cells of our body. Cigarettes have been known carcinogens for at least 65 years. Ionizing radiation sends out extremely high energy, which may pose a health risk. We take your privacy seriously. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. These guidelines are intended to limit the potential health effects of extremely low frequency (ELF is all frequencies below 3 kHz) radiation exposure. As radon-222 decays into lead-210, lead-210 can be attached to dust of moisture particles and be stuck to tobacco leaves. radioactive isotopes Po-210 and Pb-210, which become harmful to humans designed to eliminate static electricity in machinery. Last updated Thu Jan 19 2023 [2] Although we are aware that tobacco smoke are the However, EPA works to protect families from secondhand smoke through its voluntary Smoke-Free Homes Campaign. My post was motivated by the following information I encountered on the web: The EPA addresses the source of the radiation from tobacco: Naturally-occurring radioactive minerals accumulate on the sticky surfaces of tobacco leaves as the plant grows, and these minerals remain on the leaves throughout the manufacturing process. The sticky underside of tobacco leaves hold radionuclides that come from fertilizer. Ionizing Conventional science postulates that by fundamentally changing the chemical makeup of an atom, ionizing radiation can cause molecular damage and the unchecked cellular growth known as . The kinetic energy of particles ( photons, electrons, etc.) Human-made radiation sources are widely used in medicine, industry, and research. cancer, radiation also plays a role. - Malignant melanoma (MM) Since lead-210 is a weak beta emitter, it does not cause major doses, but polonium-210 does. The present study inv AIHA members can join this committee - just click here. Figure 6 shows my calculations for the effective radiation dose that a 1.5 pack a day smoker endures. Non-ionizing radiation has lower frequencies and bigger wavelengths. There are two kinds of radiation: non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Ionizing radiation, as you might imagine, is a high-energy kind of radiation that causes ions and free radicals to form. If a smoker averages two packs a day for 25 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. However, any electrical appliance or electrical wiring emits ELF radiation. Enforcement of these regulations falls to Cal-OSHA, who inspects campus facilities to determine compliance with Title 8. The former unit of absorbed dose of ionizing radiation. NASA Astrophysics Data System (ADS) Lee, Jaewon; Kim, Kyunghyun; Cho, Sung-Won; Chung, Ch Visit our Privacy Policy page. US tobacco is more radioactive than others, possibly because of our use of slightly more radioactive fertilizers. There are two types of radiation: ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. About us Non-ionizing radiation Radiation and health reveal that values for Po-210 in inhaled smoking ranged from 11% to When a smoker lights a cigarette and inhales the tobacco smoke, the toxic and radioactive substances in the smoke enter the lungs where they can cause direct and immediate damage to the cells and tissues. from polonium radiation can cause damage to different organs and W. M. Stacey, Nuclear Reactor Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, ISBN: 0- 471-39127-1. Information on radioactivity in tobacco products was recently reported in a book by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, Report No. In hazard analysis, both E (electrical field) and H (magnetic field) measurements must be considered in addition to the power density (S) measurements. Radiation in Tobacco, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)external icon. Non-ionizing Radiation - Ionization is not caused by these radiations. There are several publications which deal with 210Pb and 20Po in tobacco and the transfer to humans (see Table V.1). Submit Feedback, Email: ehs@berkeley.edu Phone:(510) 642-3073 Fax:(510) 643-7595, Emergency:911(or)dial from a cell phone for campus police in an emergency (510) 642-3333, Safety Training Assessment & Records Tool (START), Copyright 2023 UC Regents; all rights reserved, Non-coherent UV, Visible, Infrared Radiation. Martin, James E., Physics for Radiation Protection 3rd Edition, Wiley-VCH, 4/2013. (Unfiltered cigarettes allow the greatest amount of radionuclides to enter the lungs.) Ultraviolet radiation (UVA, UVB, UVC). Polonium-210 is used mainly in static eliminators, devices [3] B. Rego, "The Polonium Brief: A Hidden History For more information on possible health effects from radiation and radiation dose, click here. There are several forms of radiation, including ionizing and nonionizing. Medical exams that use ionizing radiation include: Ionizing radiation can penetrate the human body and the radiation energy can be absorbed in tissue. suicide combined, and is currently the leading cause of preventable Studies reveal that the level of Intense light (damage to eyesight) If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. . Lower frequency radiation, consisting of ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), Radio Frequency (RF), and extremely low frequency (ELF) are types of non-ionizing radiation . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Tobacco - Smoking Cigarettes - Radiation Dose. IRPA/INIRC recommends a continuous MPE of 1000 mG (0.1 mT) for exposure to uncontrolled environments over a lifetime. The following question was answered by an expert in the appropriate field: Can you tell me what is the calculated effective dose equivalent or committed effective dose to the lungs from smoking one pack of cigarettes (20 cigarettes per pack) or direct me to a website or reference that can? Cookies used to track the effectiveness of CDC public health campaigns through clickthrough data. [2] Studies reveal that Po-210, Pb-210, and small [2] Additionally, studies ISBN: 978-92-1-142274-0. Co; 1st edition, 1965. absorbs this radioactivity (see Fig. Cox (proportional hazards) regression was used to examine the association. They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. However, depending on the wavelength/frequency and the irradiance (or power density) value, NIR sources may present a human health hazard. 19. Explore the interactive, virtual community of RadTown USA! The presence of hazardous agents in workplaces has raised concerns regarding their possible impacts on male reproductive system. Our main exposure to ionizing radiation in manmade sources is through the use of diagnostic medical exams. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. 143, 247 (1964). A Michelson interferometer uses red light with a wavelength of 656.45 nm from a hydrogen discharge lamp. Figure 6: Radiation Calculations for 1.5 Pack a Day Smoker. Physics of Nuclear Kinetics. Here is a list of the types of ionizing radiation: High-energy ultraviolet light X-rays Gamma rays Alpha particles Beta particles Neutrons High-energy protons Charged atomic nuclei from cosmic rays and the Sun Positrons and other antimatter Background radiation Ionizing Radiation Health Effects Gamma rays have so much penetrating power that several inches of a dense material like lead, or even a few feet of concrete may be required to stop them. It has a half-life of only 3.8 days, making radon one of the rarest elements since it decays away quickly. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. lung cancer. Consult with your health care professional on matters of how an exam will help and whether another test that does not contain ionizing radiation may provide the same benefit. The UC Berkeley Office of Environment, Health & Safety (EH&S) has been assigned responsibility for implementing the NIR safety policies established by the campus Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Committee (NIRSC). Sticky tar in the tobacco builds up in the small air passageways in the lungs (bronchioles) and radioactive substances get trapped. Khater AEM. Elements in the periodic table can take on several forms. result, polonium builds up leading to greater and longer exposures to dollars in direct medical care for adults and lost productivity. The first has to do with the quantity of radioactive elements in the tobacco, especially polonium-210 and lead-210. The primary functions of the Program Area Committee are to analyze mechanisms of interaction of nonionizing radiation with biological systems, including humans, and to identify biological responses and potential human health effects. During early history biophysics and bioengineering were primarily concerned with ionizing radiation bioeffects and electrophysiology. Some types of radiation associated with radioactivity are alpha and beta particles and gamma and X rays. Emission of alpha-particle radiation from polonium-210 can cause damage to growing cells near the surface of lung tissues. Ionizing radiation causing Acute Radiation Syndromes of different degrees of severity. -Electrical sparks Federal Guidance for Radiation Protection. Polonium-210 budget in cigarettes. At ELF and static fields, the magnetic field dominates the hazard analysis. Most people know that cigarette smoke and tobacco contain many toxic substances including tar, arsenic, nicotine and cyanide.The common dangers of cigarettes have been known for decades. They can easily penetrate barriers that can stop alpha and beta particles, such as skin and clothing. Figure 4: Weighting of the Different Radiation Types. For more information on the electromagnetic spectrum, click here. Inside the body, however, they can be very harmful. Children's developing lungs are more easily damaged by secondhand smoke. Ionizing radiation is the energy in the form of electromagnetic waves or particles that remove tightly bound electrons from an atom (Bhattacharya & Asaithamby, 2016). Radioactive decay is the emission ofenergy in the form of ionizing radiationionizing radiationRadiation with so much energy it can knock electrons out of atoms. First Known Use. If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. Gamma rays () are weightless packets of energy called photons. in cigarettes that cause result in health risks, like the 70 other Po-210 (measured in picocuries per gram) than non smokers. Radium radioactively decays to release radon, which rises from the soil around the plants. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. -Adequate human data supporting carcinogenesis Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. tobacco plants are grown using phosphate fertilizers; the plant then The levels of radon in your home or building depend on a variety of factors. This standard agrees with the permissible magnetic flux exposure for persons wearing cardiac pacemakers recommended by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Ionizing radiation exposure of the population of the United States. For more information on ionizing radiation and diagnostic examinations that use ionizing radiation, click here, CDC: Ionizing Radiation and Diagnostic Examinations. Laboratory Managers & Safety Coordinators, Non-Ionizing Radiation (Non-Laser) Manual, Module 1 - Non-Coherent Light Source Safety, Module 2 - Microwave and Radiofrequency Radiation Safety, Module 3 - Extremely Low Frequency Radiation Safety, Bylaws of the Non-Ionizing Radiation Safety Committee, FCC OET 65, IEEE C95.1, Title 8 - CCR, ACGIH, Radiofrequency and lower frequency radiation (300 MHz to Static Fields). JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Abstract. Over time, these particles can damage the lungs and lead to lung cancer. Public Health Rep. 95, 451 (1980). Many factors will affect the radiation dose that may result from smoking cigarettes. This manual is intended to provide guidance in maintaining a safe NIR work environment on the campus. To explore the possibility that four adolescent expo-sures - cigarette smoking, alcoholic beverage consump-tion, environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), and ionizing This policy applies to all persons exposed to NIR hazards on UC Berkeley property. - Non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) Microwave radiation Microwaves, radio waves, fluorescent lighting, computers, cell phones, radar and radiation produced by electrical transmission are examples of non-ionizing radiation sources that generate varying strengths of electromagnetic fields (EMFs). During my investigation, I came across four excellent articles on the subject of radiation exposure from smoking tobacco. Typically, the most stable form of an element is the most common in nature. amounts of radionuclides, which is one of the many reasons to stay away Since uranium is found in soil worldwide in varying concentrations, the dose of gaseous radon varies worldwide. But note that not everyone who smokes cigarettes will end up with cancer, even if they smoke daily for 10, 20 or more years. The FDA's list of hazardous compounds in cigarette smoke contains radioactive polonium-210 and two well-known isotopes of uranium. Literally thousands of x-ray machines are used daily in medicine. However, this substance is not one humans should be inhaling in large short period of time, the effects of Po-210 are usually extremely The committee provides a forum for exchanging ideas and information about non-ionizing radiation and to participate in the development and analysis of technological and regulatory issues. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. It is the first of two IARC Monographs volumes on various kinds of non-ionizing radiation. Radiation is the transmission of energy through space and matter. When radioactive, it releases energy in the form of The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. This standard is a revision of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) C95.1 (1982) and is recognized by ANSI as the standard of safety practice. Joule/kilogram = 100 rad). Non-ionizing radiation is considered a possible human carcinogen, primarily due to concerns . Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. with attribution to the author, for noncommercial purposes only. It also offers provides information and resources to help people stop smoking. Gamma rays are often emitted along with alpha or beta particles during radioactive decay. Bethesda, MD: National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements; NCRP Report No. Laboratory for ionizing radiation; Laboratory for non-ionizing radiation; Health data . Sources of UVR: We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. I found a number of quite different values quoted for the radiation level of tobacco leaves. Major byproducts of the detonation of a nuclear weapon is radioactive fallout. These radioactive materials found A dose of only 300 joules of x-ray or -ray radiation is fatal for the average human, even though this radiation raises the temperature of the body by only 0.001 C. -particle radiation is even more dangerous; a dose equivalent to only 15 joules is fatal for the average human. CDC twenty four seven. Ionizing radiation can affect the atoms in living things, so it poses a health risk by damaging tissue and DNA in genes.. Estimate your yearly dose from the most common sources of ionizing radiation with this interactive online dose calculator. Draw a pedigree that shows the genotypes of the three individuals. Ionizing radiation can travel unseen and pass through these materials. These are very complex things to model. For more information on non-ionizing radiation, click here. . Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Figure 4 shows the biological weighting factors for different kinds of radation. 1. Alpha particles () are positively charged and made up of two protons and two neutrons from the atoms nucleus. As far as the effects of smoking in general, I have read some work that indicated that even the resistance provided by a cigarette's filter can cause people to inhale deeper and drive the toxins further into the lungs. Learn more about radiation sources and doses. Non-ionizing radiation is any kind of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum that does not have enough energy to remove an electron from an atom and turn it into an ion. adolescent exposures other than ionizing radiation [2]. "Polonium-210: A Volatile Radioelement in Cigarettes," Science It is on the right side of the electromagnetic spectrum in the figure below. NOTE:Ionizing radiation, lasers, and coherent light sources are not covered in this manual. Manage Settings Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. Understand that this is subject to a large amount of uncertainty since the radioactivity content of a cigarette varies; the physiological parameters such as inhalation, lung capacity, and a host of other factors would affect this estimate as well. Therefore, the radiation weighting factor for alpha radiation is equal to 20. Distance from the radioactive source Produced by the decay of radium and uranium, which are found universally in the earth's crust in varying amounts. The properties and hazards of NIR can best be understood by considering the EM spectrum as three broad categories: Basic characteristics of optical radiation (ultraviolet/visible light/infrared): Basic characteristics of microwave radiation (300 GHz to 300 MHz): Basic characteristics of Radiofrequency and lower frequency (ELF, static) fields: Office of Environment, Health & Safety2199 Addison Street, MC 1150Berkeley, CA 94720-1150, Have comments about the EH&S website? Due to decay of polonium-210, the annual local dose to localized spots at the bifurcations of segmental bronchi in the lungs caused by smoking cigarettes (1.5 packs/day) is about 80 mSv/year. WasCy ( 10112) "Great Answer" ( 0 ) Flag as CDC twenty four seven. Smoking makes radon exposure more likely to cause cancer. Yes, that too. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Exposures may occur in both the near and far fields. Polonium-210 emits a 5.3 MeV alpha particle, which provides most of the equivalent dose. The owner of this blog makes no representations as to the accuracy or completeness of any information on this site or found by following any link on this site. For more information about the increased health risks of smoking, see CDCs Health Effects of Cigarette Smoking. Some of these forms are stable; other forms are unstable. The radioactive particles settle in smokers' lungs, where they build up as long as the person smokes. Ionizing radiation exposure comes from a variety of sources, including nuclear weapons testing or other activities during military service. At present, neither the state nor federal government regulates those frequencies below 3 MHz. Together, the toxic and radioactive substances in cigarettes harm smokers. What fraction of the couples children are likely to suffer from hemophilia? CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. This website does not use any proprietary data. We provide Member States with evidence-based guidance, tools and technical advice on public health issues related to ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. December 14, 2019 by Nick Connor. Learn more about radiation sources and doses. Rain does not wash them away. An absorbed dose of 1 mGy by alpha particles will lead to an equivalent dose of 20 mSv. Rarebear ( 25182) "Great Answer" ( 0 ) Flag as Exactly. [4]. because they have insufficient energy to break chemical bonds. the lung dose due to the use of tobacco varied from 75 to 600 Sv y-1.Khater (2004) [12] that the range of 210Po in cigarette tobacco in Egypt ranged from 9.7 to 22.5 mBq/cigarette (average 16.6 mBq/cigarette).The average percentages of 210 Po content in fresh tobacco plus wrapping paper that Carcinogenesis and genetic damage such as changes in DNA are possible stochastic effects of radiation exposure. Higher frequency levels (i.e., radiofrequency and microwave radiation) causes heating of the body. 160, 3 March 2009. answered Cigarettes radiation in tobacco location Advertisement Answer 2 people found it helpful EzekielCally Answer: The radioactive particles settle in smokers' lungs, where they build up as long as the person smokes. Evidence for carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing radiation is generally inconclusive, . chemicals in cigarette smoke damages the body's cleaning systems, which My overall objective is to build some tools to help me understand the effects that radiation in space and on Mars have on people. -Sunbathing. A unit of measure used to describe the amount of radioactivity in a sample of material. damaging and fatal. These particles are emitted by certain unstable atoms such as hydrogen-3 (tritium), carbon-14 and strontium-90. Using any tobacco product can lead to nicotine addiction. When inhaled, the chemical becomes concentrated in red blood cells, Beta particles () are small, fast-moving particles with a negative electrical charge that are emitted from an atoms nucleus during radioactive decay. Over time, the radiation can damage the lungs and can contribute to lung cancer. Ionizing radiation is much more dangerous. Ionizing radiation is a form of energy that acts by removing electrons from atoms and molecules of materials that include air, water, and living tissue. If large quantities are inhaled or consumed in a I was looking for a simple example of computing the effects of radiation on a human. Related information in Spanish (Informacin relacionada en espaol). For more information on radon, click here. The fertilizer that farmers use to increase the size of their tobacco crops contains the naturally occurring radionuclide, radium. Non-ionizing radiation has enough energy to move atoms in a molecule around or cause them to vibrate, but not enough to remove electrons from atoms. Temporary conditions include burns and temporary blinding The radioactive particles settle in smokers lungs, where they build up as long as the person smokes. The author grants Ionizing radiation can travel unseen and pass through these materials. EPA does not regulate tobacco. There are two main ways by which non-ionizing radiation can be harmful: Non-ionizing radiation has been shown to decrease the blood-brain barrier, lowering defenses against other common carcinogens. Cigarette makers flagged the problem internally by the 1960s and . So, if being unlikely to get a decent life insurance policy wasn't enough to keep you from giving up tobacco then hopefully this revelation will do the trick! Non-ionizing radiation ionize [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 [ ] [ ] Does a reducing agent increase or decrease its own oxidation state when it acts on another substance? Over time, the radiation can damage the lungs and can contribute to lung cancer. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website.
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