There are 91 antelope species. Life in temperate grasslands is forced to survive in two very different seasons: the growing season and the dormant season. There is a lot of diversity found among the animals living in the grassland biome. Within this area, the department proposes to protect, primarily through acquisition and easements, up to 15,000 acres of additional grassland habitat. The species is also found on the island of New Guinea. WebThe region is home to a large number of reptiles. Marmots are an important part of its diet in some areas. WebAnimals that live in grasslands are often in danger of losing their homes to human development for housing, cities, and farmland. The species is an insectivore (insect-eater). Although a similar length to a mid-sized passerine such as a common blackbird or American robin, the burrowing owl is stockily built and may weigh over twice as much as those species. Grassland habitats are found all over the globe and tons of plants, animals, and insects make their homes in them. During the 1960s, Przewalskis horse became extinct in the wild. There are two species of rhea: thegreater rheaRhea americana(conservation status:Near Threatened); and thelesser rheaRhea pennata(also known as Darwins rhea, and petiso, or and del norte) (conservation status:Least Concern). WebGrasslands support the greatest aggregations of large animals on earth, including jaguars, African wild dogs, pronghorn, black-footed ferret, plains bison, mountain plover, African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and swift fox. When you think of American heritage, the image of mustangs running across the plains may come to mind. 30 Ocean Planet Facts Youve Probably Never Heard Of, 50 Unknown Facts About The Dwarf Planet Pluto, Top 15 Facts about Stars Color Size Composition More. WebThis animal has developed impeccable characteristics to thrive in chaparral biome. WebGrasslands support the greatest aggregations of large animals on earth, including jaguars, African wild dogs, pronghorn, black-footed ferret, plains bison, mountain plover, African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and swift fox. Conservation. In the early 1900s, draining and ditching transformed large areas into the pasture, grass seed fields and cropland. WebAnimals that live in grasslands are often in danger of losing their homes to human development for housing, cities, and farmland. Successful conservation and re-introduction programs have seen the species population bounce back. If one of the breeding pair dies the remaining eagle will find a new partner. Hyenas will often kill lion cubs that are left undefended. While the predation of an adult badger is rare, it does have a few natural predators, including bobcats, golden eagles, bears, cougars, and wolves. (The largest is the giant armadillo, another South American grassland species.). They are also hunted for sport and for their body parts, and captured for sale to the pet trade. The prairie falcon exhibits serial monogamy, having only one mate per breeding season. This large grassland area with very few trees runs northsouth from central Nebraska through central Kansas and western Oklahoma to north-central Texas, covering 109,000sqmi (282,000km2). The white rhino is found in grasslands and savannas in southern Africa; the Indian rhino lives on grasslands south of the Himalayas in Asia. Although there are various classifications available, grasslands can be in general divided into two basic types: tropical grasslands and temperate grasslands. You can find out more about rodents on this page: Rodent Facts. This group contains animals such as elephants, manatees and tenrecs. The state's largest populations of GPC, short-eared owl and regal fritillary butterflies are found here. Discover more about the giant anteater on this page: Giant Anteater Facts, Discover more about anteaters on this page: Anteater Facts. The Central Sand Plains Ecological Landscape contains opportunities to manage for the following natural communities, based on the findings in the 2015 Wildlife Action Plan (originally presented by the Ecosystem Management Team). A pride can have anywhere from 2 to 40 individuals, but usually comprises around a dozen females, one dominant male, a couple of low-ranking males, and cubs. Their only real predators are dingos, Tasmanian devils, foxes, and wild dogs. Click the picture above for more details &to view free sample pages! The species can be recognized by the large, dark green patches on its back. Whatever the weather conditions, these natural sanctuaries always manage to support a colorful variety of animals and plants. WebOriginally, several species of prairie dogs occupied over 800 000 ha of grasslands in central USA (Kreitzer and Cully, 2001; Summer and Linder, 1978), but by the early 1990s their distribution had been reduced by 98 percent (Vanderhoff, Robel and Kemp, 1994). Webcentral plains grassland animals. The species can be recognized by its small size, mottled brown / white plumage, distinctive pale eyebrows, and long legs. The owls long legs are an adaption for living in grasslands; they allow the owl to chase after its prey on foot. Most of the grasslands have been converted for agriculture, with only about 5% of natural habitat remaining. It spends much of its life underground, burrowing backwards with its short but powerful hind limbs. Przewalskis horse is herbivorous and social, living in herds comprised of mares with their foals and a dominant male. Thank you for visiting! It is a transition zone between the Central tall grasslands and Central forest-grasslands transition ecoregions to the east and the Western short grasslands to the west, while to the north lie the Northern mixed grasslands, which have a cooler temperature and a much shorter growing season. Young males will form temporary bachelor groups. Grassland is grassland, right? There are two reasons for this. The maned wolf lives in eastern and central South America, including Bolivia, Peru, Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina. As well as those that consume other animals that live in this biome. The white and Indian rhinos are the only rhino species not to be critically endangered, although they are threatened; the conservation status of the white rhino is Near Threatened, and the Indian rhino is Vulnerable. WebGrasslands support the greatest aggregations of large animals on earth, including jaguars, African wild dogs, pronghorn, black-footed ferret, plains bison, mountain plover, African elephant, Sunda tiger, black rhino, white rhino, savanna elephant, greater one-horned rhino, Indian elephant and swift fox. A litter usually consists of 2 to 6 kits, but as many as 11 have been recorded. The saiga antelope is an antelope found on steppes (dry grasslands) and deserts in Asia. The prairie falcon plays a very important role in its ecosystem as it helps to control the population of ground squirrels. This mid-sized deer stands 0.75 m / 2.46 ft. at the shoulders, and has a pale reddish-gray coat. The burrowing owl is a small owl found in grasslands in both North and South America. Despite the name, the aardvark is not related to pigs. The name rhinoceros means nose-horned, and refers to the rhinos distinctive horns. Animals certainly do! One of the most famous grassland animals, the cheetah is the worlds fastest land animal, capable of speeds of up to 75 mph / 120.7 km/h. Grassland animals include mammals such as antelopes, cheetah, zebras, eastern grey kangaroo, Pallass cat, Przewalskis horse, American bison, giant anteater and maned wolf; birds such as the plains-wanderer, Steppe eagle, prairie falcon and rhea, and reptiles such as the prairie rattlesnake and leopard tortoise. When you click and buy we may earn an affiliate commission at no cost to you. There are dozens of exciting animals that can be found in North-American prairies (and dozens of interesting grassland facts about animals, too) but the most famous (and certainly also most beloved) among them is the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). They prevent woody plants from spreading and enable the grass to re-grow, becoming thicker, more resilient and healthier. Zebras can run at speeds of up to 69.2 km / 43 mph, which enables them to escape grassland predators such as lions, leopards, and hyenas. Like all cat species, the cheetah is a true carnivore. News and facts about animals, natural history and science. Wildfires are vital for grasslands existence. In an effort to prevent starvation, most herds are rounded up and thinned out regularly to prevent overpopulation. Grasslands cover 25 percent of the worlds surface and it is the preferred habitat for animals like the wildebeest, coyote, and pronghorn. It inhabits prairies, forests and deserts, and is more likely to be found near human settlements than its close relative, the gray wolf. They live in medium-sized same-sex flocks that join together to form larger flocks for breeding. The other three species the Indian, Javan and Sumatran rhinoceroses are found in Asia. The swift fox lives in the prairie grasslands of the Great Plains region of the United States and parts of southern Canada. The American bison is also known as the buffalo, although it is not closely-related to the Old World buffalo species. If you disable this cookie, we will not be able to save your preferences. It is designated as the Central and Southern Mixed Grasslands ecoregion by the World Wildlife Fund. The prairie falcon is solitary for the rest of the year. The life of a hyena is competitive from birth, with newborn cubs fighting for dominance almost as soon as they are born. Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources | Site requirements | Accessibility | Legal | Privacy | Employee resources, The Central Wisconsin Grassland Conservation Area (CWGCA) stretches in an "S" shape from southeastern Taylor County, through parts of Clark and Marathon counties, between Stevens Point and Wisconsin Rapids and south to northeastern Adams County. It has been converted for use as grazing land for cattle since the 19th century. Although the species is no longer considered to be threatened, today it is only present in 44% of its original range in the USA, and 3% of its original range in Canada. Many of the worlds grasslands arearid(dry) places, and as a result, animals that live in grasslands often have adaptations for coping with a lack of readily-available water. Although not a true hibernator, the American badger enters periods of torpor (very low activity) lasting up to 29 hours at a time during the winter months. Its undersides are white. The cheetah is mostly solitary except for small (all) male coalitions and a female with her cubs. The toad is nocturnal for most of the year, but during the breeding season may also be seen out and about during the day. But the problem is that humankind is gradually but persistently destroying these wonderful natural habitats, transforming them into farmland due to their fertile soil. Prairies are the beautiful natural grasslands of America, but they are sadly slowly disappearing. WebIt includes the Leola Marsh Wildlife Area, Buena Vista Marsh Wildlife Area, Paul J. Olson Wildlife Area and George W. Mead Wildlife Area. Antelopes are herbivores and usually live in herds. The cheetah is widely distributed throughout most of Africa, and is found in savannas, grasslands, and a variety of other habitats; the main habitats in which it isnotfound are tropical forests and central Sahara. Grasslands can be found almost everywhere in the world and are known by various names depending on the region and climate in which they are located. The greater rhea is the largest species of rhea, and the largest bird of the Americas. Some of the prevalent wildlife in the southern area are coyotes, striped bark scorpions, prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), and Great Plains skink (Plestiodon obsoletus). It has a sandy-red coat, giving it the alternative name, sandy wallaby. In addition, the regal fritillary butterfly, a state-endangered species, is common at Buena Vista Grasslands. Europe and Asia, mostly have steppes. You can see more Australian birds on this page: Australian Birds List with Pictures & Facts, Discover more about birds on this page: Birds The Ultimate Guide, See different types of birds on this page: Types of Birds. One of the most distinctive canids, the maned wolf has disproportionately long, thin legs that allow it to see above tall grass. A single female may lay as many as 45,000 eggs. Our mission at Wildlife Informer is to share free information and pictures of wildlife with our readers. Most are found on the grasslands and savannas of Africa; the others are found in Asia. You can see more marsupials on this page: Marsupials List with Pictures & Facts. Some of the prevalent wildlife in the southern area are coyotes, striped bark scorpions, prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), and Great Plains skink (Plestiodon obsoletus). (The lesser rhea is the worlds tenth-largest bird by weight.). Its eyes and ears are relatively small. It has a very large and characteristic shoulder hump. Much of the biodiversity of the southeastern U.S. is found in grasslands, including meadows, prairies, glades, and savannas. The steppe eagle is a large raptor with a length of up to 80 cm / 31.5 in., and wingspan of 2 m / 6.6 feet. (Its completely free, you can unsubscribe at any time, and well never share your details.). It is mostly nocturnal, spending the day in a den. They have stocky bodies and short tails. Today, amid urban and agriculture development, a remnant remains in the Carrizo Plain National Monument. Rheas belong to a group of flightless birds known as ratites, which also contains ostriches, the emu, cassowaries and kiwis. Vernal pools support the rare longhorn fairy shrimp and other species of fairy shrimp. It is a social animal that lives in single-sex herds that usually only mix during the breeding season. Known for their large horns and large bulbous noses, these animals have evolved to make the best of the harsh environment they call home. There are 26 recognized species of bustard, including the great bustard, the lesser florican, and the blue korhaan. You can see more animals with horns on this page: Animals With Horns. Aside from the size difference, males and females are similar in appearance. Pumas main food is deer, but will also feed on mice, birds, and insects. Hyenas are known to live in African savannahs and compete with lions for prey. Grasslands are found onevery continent except Antarctica, and are home to a vast array of animals. The southeastern portion falls within the Central Sand Plains and is characterized by flat, sandy soils. Management activities that will be used to maintain a mixed grassland agricultural landscape that minimizes brush and tree encroachment include, planting of native grassland species, planting of cool season grasses and legumes, cropping on a permanent or rotational basis, grazing, prescribed burning, mowing and herbicide application. And second, the climate of grasslands ensures that animals get everything they need, including enough food. These impressive animals are matriarchal, which means a female leads the pack, which can be as large as 100 individual animals. Unlike other herbivorous tortoise species, which feed mostly on grass, the leopard tortoise prefers to consume fruits and flowers. The American badger is a solitary, nocturnal mammal that spends the day sleeping in burrows around 3 m / 9.8 feet below the surface. In mountain regions they are called montane grasslands, and in flooded regions as flooded grasslands. When it comes to animals, grasses and similar plants are certainly a special culinary delight! Two of which, the white rhino and the black rhino, are found in Africa. Today, amid urban and agriculture development, a remnant remains in the Carrizo Plain National Monument. Both sexes participate in nest building, egg incubation, and chick rearing. A new bead is added to the snakes rattle each time it sheds its skin (each segment is actually a hollow, hardened scale). Patricia is a wildlife enthusiast that loves traveling and learning about wildlife all over North America and the world. The leopard tortoise is found across a wider area than any other African tortoise. WebThis animal has developed impeccable characteristics to thrive in chaparral biome. Read also: 50 Unknown Facts About The Dwarf Planet Pluto. It is no surprise that they can be found in almost every part of the world, with one exception: Antarctica. While the growing season allows the flora of the grasslands to thrive, the climate is too cold during the dormant season. A great diversity of other declining or rare grassland birds, including sedge wren, Wilson's phalarope, blue-winged teal, bobolink, upland sandpiper, Brewer's blackbird, eastern and western meadowlarks, northern harrier and several rare sparrows (including grasshopper, field and clay-colored) are found locally. The species sandy-colored coat provides camouflage in the dry grasslands and sandy terrain in which the species is commonly found. The giant anteater is a large mammal found in the grasslands of Central and South America. The American bison is the largest land animal of North America. Other, grass-like, plants such as sedges (plants of family Cyperaceae), and rushes (plants of family Juncaceae) are also often present in grasslands. In fact, the species closest relatives belong to a group of animals, Afrotheria, that evolved in Africa. and a length of 33 cm / 13 in. A large male can reach a length of 3.8 m / 12.5 feet, a height of 1.86 m / 6.1 feet at the shoulder, and a weight of around 900 kg / 1984 lbs. You can find out more about Przewalskis horse on this page: Przewalskis Horse Facts. You can find out more about the coyote on this page: Coyote Facts. Together, these five species make up the genusCynomys, which is part of the squirrel family, Sciuridae. As a result, the primary goal of the Central Wisconsin Grassland Conservation Area is to improve the existing protected lands' ability to harbor viable populations of grassland-dependent species, particularly the GPC. Like all deer, it is a herbivorous browser. Follow the link below to find out more and to sign up! Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands ecoregion of the United States, Central Great Plains (area 27 on the map), Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands, Flora of the Great Plains (North America), Temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands in the United States, List of ecoregions in the United States (EPA), List of ecoregions in the United States (WWF), Native Prairies Association of Texas (NPAT), Northern and Southern mixed grasslands at World Wildlife Fund, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Great_Plains_(ecoregion)&oldid=1107636961, Grasslands of the North American Great Plains, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 31 August 2022, at 01:54. The Central Grasslands Roadmap aims to guide and inform innovative and connected conservation for the benefit of grassland birds, pollinators and mammals, as well as to ensure viable human communities across the landscape of one of North Americas most biogeographically unique areas. / 27.94 cm. Its ears are large and pointed. But various preservation efforts have been successful and bison is not considered an endangered species anymore. See the key to association scores [PDF] for complete definitions. Grassland Facts Facts Chief Modified: 12 Jan 2022 Quick Facts Essential Facts Interesting Facts 01 Area: 25% of Earths land surface 02 Definition: Areas that predominantly consist of different kinds of grasses 03 Animals: Mammals, reptiles, birds and insects 04 Plants: Grasses, shrubbery, occasional trees Fun Fact: Saiga antelope are thought to be the inspiration for the eopie in Star Wars. If threatened, the burrowing owl makes a rattlesnake-like sound from its burrow, which is often enough to deter a predator. Its coat is dark gray-brown; the undersides are pale. All species of prairie dogs are about the same size, reaching a weight of 1.7 kg / 3.7 lb. WebThe Monument offers a refuge for endangered, threatened, and rare animal species such as the San Joaquin kit fox, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the giant kangaroo rat and the San Joaquin antelope squirrel. Three hundred years ago, Californias Central Valley was vast grassland where antelope and elk grazed and wildflowers swept the spring landscape. Webcentral plains grassland animals Posted in real time with bill maher 2022 schedule Posted by By cloudflare nameservers not working June 21, 2022 mike dunleavy sr height This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. With a length of almost 1 m / 3.3 feet, a wingspan of 2.14 m / 7 feet, and a weight of around 3.6 kg / 8 lb. Plains animals include a broad variety of species from the iconic bison to ferrets, wolves, coyotes, foxes, and July 3, 2022July 3, 2022. seattle children's hospital psychiatry and behavioral medicine unit alan decker covid your honor 10 athletes who took a stand against social inequality. All Rights Reserved. The Brazilian guinea pig is longer but slightly slimmer than the domestic species, reaching lengths of around 11 in. Unfortunately, when Europeans settled in the Americas they turned many prairies into farmland and hunted the bison to near extinction. Find out on this page: Big Cats, You can see EVERY species of cat on this page: Wild Cats List. They spend roughly 7-10 months in their mothers pouch before emerging and learning to live life on their own. Grasslands are typicallyopen habitats with few trees. In addition to preservation policies, there have also been efforts to restore the already destroyed grasslands by planting grasses in areas that were previously used for farming. And how much rain is too much rain? Much of the biodiversity of the southeastern U.S. is found in grasslands, including meadows, prairies, glades, and savannas. Grasslands Climate: From Freezing Cold to Hot as Hell, Bald Eagle Is the Most Famous Inhabitant of the American Prairies. The Central Sand Plains Ecological Landscape contains opportunities to manage for the following natural communities, based on the findings in the 2015 Wildlife Action Plan (originally presented by the Ecosystem Management Team). Much of the area within the CWGCA remains in agricultural production, with shifts over the last 40 years to an increase in row crops (with more and more based on center pivot irrigation) and a decrease in pasture land and small grains. Call 1-888-936-7463 (TTY Access via relay - 711) from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. Wildlife Habitat_Topic Contact_Wildlife Management General, CWGCA Feasibility Study and Environmental Analysis, establish more permanent grassland habitat (primarily focused on lands within one mile of active, or recently active, GPC booming grounds); and. Who would have thought that grass could be so complicated. Unlike most frogs, Bilbos rain frog does not go through a tadpole stage, instead hatching from its egg as a small adult. The eastern grey kangaroo is not just the second-largest kangaroo, its also the second-largest marsupial and the second-largest land mammal in Australia; only the red kangaroo is larger. Where there are plants, there also has to be some kind of moisture in the soil, and grasslands with their various kinds of grasses, shrubbery and even occasional trees are no different. The owls diet consists of small vertebrates (mainly mammals such as voles and mice but also birds, lizards and reptiles) and large insects. Some of the prevalent wildlife in the southern area are coyotes, striped bark scorpions, prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), and Great Plains skink (Plestiodon obsoletus). Two dark bars running across the hindquarters of the western barred bandicoot its name. The agile wallaby is the most common wallaby in northern Australia. Although the cat isnt directly targeted, many of the animals it hunts are agricultural pests and deliberately poisoned by farmers. Today, the species main threat is poisoning. The grasslands have since recovered, but are cropland and managed grazing ranges rather than unspoiled native grasses and perennials pasture. The roots of the grass in grasslands go very deep into the ground, reaching underground water supplies and bringing them to the surface, which makes the soil very fertile and very useful for growing more demanding crops which fill the bellies of humans, not animals. The toads breeding season takes place from spring to early summer. The grasslands provide animals with a variety of diets like grass, shrubs, twigs and even fellow animals for prey. There is no real difference between wallabies and kangaroos; the name kangaroo is given to the four largest members of the family. These animals are not very social and live a very solitary life, only coming together once a year to breed. Test your knowledge of North American birds with our quiz app: North American Bird ID Quiz. Only 2% of original grasslands found in North America still exist today; the rest have been gradually destroyed by us through turning these grass-covered lands into farmland. WebThe Monument offers a refuge for endangered, threatened, and rare animal species such as the San Joaquin kit fox, the blunt-nosed leopard lizard, the giant kangaroo rat and the San Joaquin antelope squirrel. maintain a predominantly open, unforested, undeveloped landscape where agriculture is the dominant land use, particularly in areas critical to the life history needs of grassland species. WebIt includes the Leola Marsh Wildlife Area, Buena Vista Marsh Wildlife Area, Paul J. Olson Wildlife Area and George W. Mead Wildlife Area. Due to its ground-nesting habits and poor flying ability, the plains-wanderer makes easy prey for the red fox and other non-native species. It can reach weights of 40 kg (88 lb. Grassland animals include mammals such as antelopes, cheetah, zebras, eastern grey kangaroo, Pallass cat, Przewalskis horse, American bison, giant anteater and maned wolf; birds such as the plains-wanderer, Steppe eagle, prairie falcon and rhea, and reptiles such as the prairie rattlesnake and leopard tortoise. Rhinos are threatened by poaching for their valuable horns, and by habitat loss. Active Wild Pinterest Active Wild Facebook, Click on the image below to see this weeks animal, (Press your escape key or click the close button below to close this message.). Carrizo Plain National Monument. These animals include those that burrow under the ground such as mice and jack rabbits, those that graze and eat grass such as gazelle and deer. Currently, several state wildlife areas and other protected lands nested within the Central Wisconsin Grassland Conservation Area (CWGCA) are managed to benefit grassland-dependent species, particularly the greater prairie chicken (GPC). They breed once a year and have either a single baby or twins. Options available will depend on soils, topography and hydrology and include the use of wetland scrapes, diked drainages and ditch plugs. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful. Grassland Facts Facts Chief Modified: 12 Jan 2022 Quick Facts Essential Facts Interesting Facts 01 Area: 25% of Earths land surface 02 Definition: Areas that predominantly consist of different kinds of grasses 03 Animals: Mammals, reptiles, birds and insects 04 Plants: Grasses, shrubbery, occasional trees Its diet is made up of animals such as gazelles, impalas, hares, birds, and the offspring of large ungulates. WebToday, plains animals are increasingly threatened by resource extraction and fragmentation which has led to calls for preservation and restoration of the region. Within a grassland landscape, the addition or restoration of wetlands adjacent to grasslands provides critical foraging and nesting habitat for many wetland species. The northern and western portions of the CWGCA have loamier soils, are slightly higher and harbor more topography. Bison, also known as buffalo, are now found in all 50 states, though the biggest herd is found in Yellowstone National Park. The species has no teeth, and its sticky tongue can be up to 60 cm (2 ft.) in length. It is also a good swimmer. Likewise, individual zebras of the same species can be identified by the unique pattern of their coats. Four of the toes on each of the anteaters front feet are equipped with long, powerful claws. Within this area, the department proposes to protect, primarily through acquisition and easements, up to 15,000 acres of additional grassland habitat. The corsac fox is monogamous, and both parents participate in the rearing of the litter. The animals removed from the herds are available for adoption through the BLM. With an average weight of 23 kg (51 lb. Zebras are a group of hoofed herbivores closely related to the domestic horse. Did you know that only one in one-hundred grasslands is protected in some way in North America? It is funny how grasslands of the world, although similar in many aspects, greatly vary in others. Some of the prevalent wildlife in the southern area are coyotes, striped bark scorpions, prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis), and Great Plains skink (Plestiodon obsoletus). In the list of grassland animals below, youll find examples of grassland animals from all over the world, divided by the continent on which they are found. When this happens, they cache the food for later. Carrizo Plain National Monument. Males weigh around 3.5 kg / 7.7 lb., while females are around 4 kg / 8.8 lbs. Cranberry beds are being created in several areas. Some grasslands also exist in areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 60 inches annually, and some exist in areas where there is as little as 10 inches of annual rainfall.
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